Psychoanalytic theories have provided the basis for tests ranging from the Rorschach Inkblot Test to subjective personality tests. However, psychoanalytic approaches have been criticized for their poor validity and reliability due to the reliance on unreliable memories of patients. In contrast, ideas about defense mechanisms and unconscious processes were empirically studied. For example, Carl Jung proposed the existence of personality archetypes, which he said all people share.
Four temperament theory
The Four Temperament Theory of Personality is one of the more widely accepted theories on personality. It originated with Keirsey’s Temperament Sorter, which mapped the four temperaments to the sixteen types of Myers-Briggs personality type. Keirsey cites several authors as inspiration for his theories. Some of these authors are Eric Adickes, Ernst Kretschmer, and Eric Fromm.
In the early 1900s, researchers Ernst Kretschmer and Eduard Spranger proposed two new categories for personality: neuroticism and extraversion. Neuroticism describes the tendency to experience negative emotions, while extraversion refers to the tendency to find pleasure in positive events. They found many similarities between the temperament patterns of ancient cultures. In addition, researchers have continued to refine the theory. The latest edition of the book, I Said This, You Heard That, teaches the Four Temperament Theory.
Myers-Briggs type indicator
Myers and Briggs’ four-letter “type” code was first developed in 1942. This system used Jung’s theory of psychological types to classify people into one of sixteen personality types. The system includes two major subtypes, each with a different set of traits and characteristics. Some people are incompatible with others, while others are best suited for a particular job. Regardless of the type, Myers-Briggs type indicators help people determine whether they would be better suited for a particular job.
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator for personality has been around for over 70 years and has been used by many people to better understand their own personality. It has been a popular tool in business settings, organizational settings, and educational settings for years. It has also been used to match people with ideal partners, significant others, and hobbies. However, this tool is not foolproof and is not a perfect substitute for counseling or psychotherapy.
Authoritarian personality
An authoritarian personality is one that has the tendency to impose rigidity on others. Its main trait is rigidity, and it can lead to stereotyping and prejudice. A mental health intervention for this type of personality can help people overcome their rigidity and learn how to appreciate and respect other people’s views. However, there are some signs of authoritarian personality that may indicate that you may be an authoritarian. The key to identifying an authoritarian personality is to understand what makes an authoritarian person unique and what causes it.
Oesterreich’s theory was useful for explaining human nonage. He argued that youth seek refuge from their parents, who are their first authority figures. To measure the authoritarian personality, Oesterreich developed a questionnaire which included topics to assess rigidity, closed-mindedness, conformity, and hostility. The authoritarian personality is a type of narcissist, but it’s not the only trait of an authoritarian personality.
Collectivistic personality
People with a collectivist personality value social harmony and are likely to maintain longstanding relationships. Unlike individualists, collectivists often calculate the value of their relationships. These relationships tend to be more intimate than those of an individualist, because they’re tied to the idea that helping others contributes to their own wellbeing. The Japanese language reflects this collectivism: the word “shinyuu” means “best friend” and is related to the trait. Research by Aaron Cargile suggests that people with this personality trait underrate their skills and underrate their abilities.
Individualistic culture is associated with loneliness and a fear of rejection, which is common in collectivist cultures. Individualistic people, on the other hand, are realistic, matter-of-fact, and enjoy applying their skills to new tasks. Moreover, they are spontaneous, and tend to follow sudden inspirations. But these characteristics are counterbalanced by their tendency to be self-effacing. As a result, they are prone to displaying a higher degree of anti-conformity than those with an individualistic personality.